Neuropsychomotor developmental delay: conceptual map, term definitions, uses and limitations / Atraso do desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor: mapa conceitual, definições, usos e limitações do termo

OBJECTIVE: To retrieve the origin of the term neuropsychomotor developmental delay" (NPMD), its conceptual evolution over time, and to build a conceptual map based on literature review. DATA SOURCE: A literature search was performed in the SciELO Brazil, Web of Science, Science Direct, OneFile (GALE), Pubmed (Medline), Whiley Online, and Springer databases, from January of 1940 to January of 2013, using the following keywords: NPMD delay, NPMD retardation, developmental delay, and global developmental delay. A total of 71 articles were selected, which were used to build the conceptual map of the term. DATA SYNTHESIS: Of the 71 references, 55 were international and 16 national. The terms developmental delay and global developmental delay were the most frequently used in the international literature and, in Brazil, delayed NPMD was the most often used. The term developmental delay emerged in the mid 1940s, gaining momentum in the 1990s. In Brazil, the term delayed NPMD started to be used in the 1980s, and has been frequently cited and published in the literature. Delayed development was a characteristic of 13 morbidities described in 23 references. Regarding the type of use, 19 references were found, with seven forms of use. Among the references, 34 had definitions of the term, and 16 different concepts were identified. CONCLUSIONS: Developmental delay is addressed in the international and national literature under different names, various applications, and heterogeneous concepts. Internationally, ways to improve communication between professionals have been indicated, with standardized definition of the term and use in very specific situations up to the fifth year of life, which was not found in Brazilian publications. .

OBJETIVO: Resgatar a origem do termo atraso do desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor (DNPM), sua evolução conceitual ao longo do tempo e construir mapa conceitual do termo com base em busca bibliográfica. FONTES DE DADOS: Foi realizada busca nas bases de dados eletrônicas do Portal da Capes, que incluem Scielo Brazil, Web of Science, Science Direct, OneFile (GALE), Pubmed (Medline), Whiley Online e Springer, referente a Janeiro/1940-Janeiro/2013. Palavras-chave: atraso e retardo do DNPM, developmental delay e global developmental delay. Foram selecionados 71 artigos e construído o mapa conceitual do termo. SÍNTESE DE DADOS: Das 71 referências, 55 eram internacionais e 16 nacionais. Os termos mais encontrados foram global developmental delay e developmental delay na literatura internacional e retardo e atraso do DNPM no Brasil. Internacionalmente, o termo surgiu em meados da década de 40 ganhando força nos anos 90. No Brasil, o termo começou a ser usado na década de 80 e vem sendo frequentemente citado na literatura. O atraso é citado em 23 trabalhos como característica presente em 13 tipos de condições clínicas. Com relação ao uso, foram encontrados 19 estudos, com sete situações de uso. Dentre os artigos revisados, 34 deles apresentaram definições, sendo identificados 16 conceitos diferentes. CONCLUSÕES: O atraso do desenvolvimento é abordado na literatura internacional e nacional sob diversos nomes, diferentes aplicações e conceitos heterogêneos. Internacionalmente, apontam-se caminhos para melhorar a comunicação entre profissionais, com definição padronizada do termo e uso em situações específicas até o quinto ano de vida, o que não foi encontrado nas publicações nacionais. .

Compuestos sintéticos del tipo de estirilquinolinas con actividades leishmanicida y citotóxica / Styrylquinolines-type synthetic compounds with leishmanicidal and cytotoxic activities

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Síntesis y evaluación preliminar de la posible actividad antimalárica y antineoplásica de derivados 7-cloroquinolina-4-sustituidos / Synthesis and preliminary evaluation of antimalarial and antineoplastic possible activity of 7-chloroquinoline-4-substituted derivatives

En el presente trabajo se describe la síntesis y la evaluación de la posible actividad Antimalárica y Antineoplásica de una serie de derivados 7-cloroquinolina-4-sustituidos. La estrategia empleada para la síntesis comienza con las obtención de los intermediarios clave 1-(3 ó 4-(7-cloroquinolin-4-ilamino)fenil)etanona (2 y 3) mediante una sustitución nucleofílica aromática entre la 4,7-dicloroquinolina y la 3 y/o 4-amino acetofenona. Los derivados (E)-1-(3 ó 4-(7-cloroquinolin-4-ilamino)fenil)-3-(fenilsustituido)prop-2-eno-1-ona (4 y 5), se sintetizaron a través de una condensación aldólica de Claisen-Schmidt entre los intermediarios clave y diferentes benzaldehídos sustituidos. Los derivados 7-cloro-N-(3 ó 4-(4,5-dihidro-5-(fenilsustituido)-1H-pirazol-3-il)fenil)quinolin-4-amina (6 y 7) y los 1-(3 ó 4-(7-cloroquinolin-4-ilamino)fenil)-3-(fenilsustituido)propano-1-ona (8 y 9) se diseñaron por modificación molecular de la cetona a,b-insaturada de los compuestos finales 4 y 5, (metodología clásica de la Química Medicinal) para obtener dichos derivados rígidos 6 y 7, mediante la formación de un anillo D2-pirazolina y flexibles 8 y 9, a través de su reducción. La síntesis de los derivados 6 y 7 se realizó mediante una reacción de ciclo-condensación con hidrazina monohidratada y los derivados 8 y 9, se obtuvieron a través de una hidrogenación catalítica. En la evaluación de la actividad Antimalárica in vitro se evidenció que los derivados 4, 5, 6 y 7, mostraron actividades inhibitorias la formación de la b hematina importantes (superior al 70 %), siendo los más activos: 4l, 5g, 5c, 5g y 6e, 6f con valores comparable al de la CQ. En la evaluación Antimalárica in vivo se encontró que el derivado 4e fue el más activo con 26,4 días de sobrevivencia post-infección (230 % de incremento) y una parasitemia de 2,4 % (96 % de reducción). Con respecto a los resultados obtenidos en el efecto de estos derivados sobre la viabilidad y proliferación de las líneas celulares neoplásicas Jurkat E6.1, HL60, MCF-7 y A549, los compuestos 4a, 4g, 4l, 4m y 6e mostraron la mayor actividad inhibitoria del crecimiento de las células leucémicas HL60 después de 24h de tratamiento con valores de CI50 de 1,19 µM, 1,08 µM, 0,59 µM, 0,43 µM y 0,94 µM (hasta 3 y 100 veces más activos que la doxorubicina y que la CQ, respectivamente). En lo referente a la evaluación de la actividad proapoptótica en las líneas celulares neoplásicas Jurkat E6.1, HL60, MCF-7 y A549, se evidenció que los derivados 4, 5 y 6, al igual que los controles, generaron un aumento en el porcentaje de células positivas para la Anexina V/FITC dependiente de la dosis (apoptosis temprana y tardía). Ninguno de estos derivados indujo el proceso de necrosis en estas células.

The present investigation describes the synthesis and evaluation of the Antimalarial and Antineoplastic activity possible a series of derivatives of 7-substituted-4-chloro-quinoline. The strategy employed for the synthesis begins with preparation of the key intermediate 1-(3 or 4-(7-chloroquinolin-4-ylamino) phenyl)ethanone (2and 3) by a nucleophilic aromatic substitution between 4,7-dichloroquinoline and the 3 and/or4-amino acetophenone. The derivatives (E)-1-(3 or 4-(7-chloroquinolin-4-ylamino) phenyl)-3-(substitutedphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one (4and 5), were synthesized a through aldol condensation Claisen-Schmidt among different key intermediates and substituted benzaldehydes. The resulting 7-chloro-N-(3 or 4-(4,5-dihydro-5-(substitutedphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)phenyl)quinolin-4-amine (6 and 7) and 7-chloro-4-[(3 or 4-(substituted phenyl)ethylcarbonyl)phenyl]aminoquinoline(8 and 9) were designed for the molecular modification , -unsaturated ketone of the final compounds 4and 5 (classic methodology Medicinal Chemistry) for said rigid derivatives 6and 7, through the formation of a 2-pyrazoline ring flexible and 8and 9, through its reduction. The synthesis of derivatives 6and 7were performed using a cycle-condensation reaction with hydrazine monohydrate and 8and 9derivatives were obtained via a catalytic hydrogenation. In the assessment of antimalarial activity in vitro was demonstrated that derivatives 4, 5, 6and 7showed inhibitory activities forming the major hematin (above 70%), being more active: 4l, 5g, 5c, 5g, 6eand 6f,with values comparable to that of CQ. In vivoantimalarial evaluation found that the derivative 4ewas most active with survival 26.4 dayspost-infection (230% increase) and a parasitemia of 2.4% (96% reduction). With regard to the results on the effect of these derivatives on the viability and proliferation of neoplastic cell lines Jurkat E6.1, HL60, MCF-7 and A549, compounds 4a, 4g, 4l,4mand 6eshow greater activity growth inhibitory HL60 leukemia cells after 24 h of treatment with IC50values of 1.19µM, 1.08µM, 0.59µM, 0.43µMand 0.94 M (to 3 and 100 times more active than doxorubicin and the CQ, respectively). Regarding the evaluation of pro-apoptotic activity on neoplastic cell lines Jurkat E6.1, HL60, MCF-7 and A549, was demonstrated that derivatives 4, 5and 6, like the controls, an increase in generated percentage of cells positive for Annexin V/FITC dose dependent (early andlate apoptosis). None of these derivatives induced necrosis process in these cells.

Diseño, síntesis y evaluación biológica de un grupo de pirazinoisoquinolinas y quinolinas con posible actividad esquistosomicida y leishmanicida respectivamente / Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of a group of pyrazinoisoquinolines and quinolines with possible schistosomicidal and leishmanicidal activity respectively

La esquistosomiasis y la leishmaniasis son dos parasitosis con una alta incidencia en el mundo y con la menor cantidad de medicamentos disponibles para sus tratamientos. Para la esquistosomiasis, el praziquantel (PZQ) es la única droga que existe en los actuales momentos contra la enfermedad, mientras que, en el caso de la leishmaniasis, los antimoniales pentavalentes, empleados como drogas de primera línea, son altamente tóxicos o presentan problemas de resistencia. Por ello, esta tesis describe el diseño, la síntesis y los estudios de actividad biológica de un grupo de pirazinoisoquinolinas y quinolinas sustituidas con posible actividad esquistosomicida y leishmanicida respectivamente. Luego de ensayar diversas vías, se logró la síntesis del PZQ y compuestos relacionados (quince compuestos) mediante una secuencia de cinco pasos, con rendimientos entre el 20% y el 60%. El PZQ se obtuvo en un 33%, con un exceso del enantiómero levo, mostrando ser más activo que el PZQ comercial (mezcla racémica). Los compuestos obtenidos, evaluados en cepas de S. mansoni, no mostraron ser más activos que el PZQ, a las dos concentraciones evaluadas. También, se cuantificó la relación entre la estructura química y la actividad biológica (QSAR) de derivados de PZQ reportados en la literatura. En cuanto a los compuestos con posible actividad leishmanicida, también se ensayaron varios métodos de síntesis hasta lograr obtener veintidós quinolínas de los tipos 2-metil, 2-propil, 4-metil-2-propil y 2-alquildiamino con rendimientos entre un 10 y un 70%. Los compuestos evaluados que mostraron una actividad prometedora en promastigotes de L. mexicanafueron la 2-metilquinolina y 6,7-metilendioxi-2-propil-quinolina. En cuanto a los estudios QSAR, no fue posible encontrar una ecuación representativa que relacionara la actividad biológica con la estructura química.

Schistosomiasis and leishmaniasis are two parasitic diseaseswell spread in the world, and at the same time both have very few medications for their treatment. For schistosomiasis, praziquantel (PZQ) is the drug of choice for its treatment, while in the case of leishmaniasis, the pentavalent antimonials used as first line drugs are highly toxic or present resistance problems. This work describes the design, synthesis and biological activity studies of a group of pirazinoisoquinolines and substituted quinolines with a possible schistosomicidal and leishmanicidal activities, respectively. After several intents, it was possible to synthesize PZQ and some related compounds (fifteen) through a sequence of five steps, with yields between 20 and 60%. PZQ was obtained with a yield of 33%, with a levoenantiomeric excess, and showed a better activity than the commercial compound. The related compounds obtained, evaluated against S. mansonistrains did not have an activity comparable to that of PZQ, at the concentrations evaluated. Quantitative structure­activity relationships (QSAR)studieswere also performed with PZQ derivatives reported in the literature.Several ways of synthesis were also probed for the possible leishmanicidal compounds proposed, until it was possible to obtain twenty two quinoline derivatives (of the type 2-methyl-, 2-propyl-, 4-methyl-2-propyl-and 2-alquildiamino-), with yields between10 and 70%. Of the compounds evaluated, two showed promising activity against L. mexicana promastigotes, 2-iimethylquinoline and 6,7-methylendioxi-2-propyl-quinoline. QSAR studies with these compounds did not yield a representative model for the set.

Synthesis of some new 4-substituted anilionowuinolines of expected biological activity

In this study, new 7-chloro-4-[p-[4-aryl-3-cyano-2-imino[1H]pyridin-6-yl]- anilino]quinolines[2a-e], 7-chloro-4-[p-[4-aryl-3-cyano-2-oxo[1H] pyridin- 6-y1]-anilino]quinolines [3a-f], 7-chloro-4-[p-[4-aryl-3-cyano]-2-thioxo [1H] pyridin-6-yl]anilino]quinolines [4a-c] and also semicarbazone and substituted thiosemicarbazones [5a-d] were synthesized. The antimicrobial evaluation of some of the new compounds was carried out. The results of the study were given

Synthesis of some substituted 9-anilinoacridines and 4-anilinoquinolines of possible antitumor activity

3-amino-4-methoxybenzoie acid methyl ester and 3-amino- 4-methoxy-6- methane sulphonamidobenzoic acid methyl ester were condensed with 4, 7-dichloroquinoline, 4-chloroquinaldine, 9-chloroacridine and 2-methoxy-6,9-dichloro acridine. The anilide esters obtained were reduced to the corresponding alcohols from which the N-methylcarbamate derivatives were prepared as possible antitumour agents

Cyclization reactions of alpha, beta unsaturated nitriles with quinoline and cinnoline derivatives: new approaches for synthesis of 4H-pyrano [3, 2-c] quinoline and 4H-pyrano [3, 2-c] cinnoline derivatives

Several new 4H-pyrano [3,2-c] quinolines 7a-d, f-h, 13 a-c, 17 a-c and 4H- pyrano [3,2-c] cinnolines 14a,b were prepared via reacting cinnamonitriles la-h with 4- hydroxyquinolines 2a-d, 3a-c, 5 and 4-hydroxycinnoline 4, respectively. Reaction of 3 a,b or 2 b,c with methylenemalononitrile afforded 4H- pyrano [3,2-c] quinolines 20 a,b

Reactions and biological activity of substituted quinolone

Substituted quinoline reacted with halo compounds, amino acids, urea, amides, anilides and hydroazines. All the synthesized derivatives were biologically investigated. The quinoline chemistry with its diverse biological properties like antihistaminic, antihelminthic has got much importance in recent years as chemotherapeutic drugs